However, looking into great detail at Opposition Whig writings, in particular at Bolingbroke's arguments, which inspired the likes of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, one does not actually find a cheery endorsement of "deriving [governments'] just powers from the consent of the governed". From reading Idea of the Patriot King it seems Bolingbroke's driving point was that power was to be placed in the hands of a just and honest ruler, with no involvement by the people nor parties nor parliament, reflecting an almost Machiavellian anti-populism and staunch pro-monarchical stance. In my view, Ketcham's analysis reveals that Bolingbroke was used, somewhat paradoxically, via a selective re-interpretation by the radical Whigs and founding fathers to criticize the failings of both Lord North, the "king" in the colonies, and George III himself, thus mobilizing the revolution. I find that two sentient points about his influence on revolutionary republican thought emerge from this analysis, firstly, that only in America, and not England, can the population entire, not just the king, cultivate a morality and disinterest worthy of good government, purged of cunningness, party factiousness and greed for commercial profit. Secondly, that securing the public good, "vastly more than the sum of private goods", is the greatest guarantee of liberty and rights for the people. The founding fathers agreed that the manifestation of true liberty and equality lay in honoring the public good, the consequence of republican power rightly exercised. In the spirit of the founding fathers, then, I clarify that where power and rights are not mutually exclusive, we mean that rights follow from power, but only when it is exercised with virtue. Indeed John Adams echoes such sentiments; of the qualities he admires in leadership, he writes that "the subjects Rights, Liberty, Commerce, military Merit" are "sentiments worthy of a Patriot King". This is the same John Adams who extolls civilian liberty, whose brand of populism is a mix of republican civic responsibility and self-evident Jeffersonian rights. The revolution was thus conservative in its intellectual traditions, but yet also radical in the sense that both the American Whigs' ideal of a classical Greek republic, where every citizen participated actively in politics, the Opposition Whigs' patriot king ideals, and the concept of inalienable rights, were combined in justification of a new republican model of government. And thus, a republican liberal tradition, where the citizens elected representatives to secure the rights of liberty and equality for all, was born.
No comments:
Post a Comment